The force majeure clause is like a Monopoly “get out of jail free” card
in the sense that a nonperforming party is permitted a legal excuse, based on
the occurrence of a catastrophic event, to breach a contract without suffering
the consequences of nonperformance. A
typical force majeure clause legally excuses
or suspends a party’s obligation to perform when a specified event occurs.
Because one party may be more
vulnerable to the consequences of certain events occurring, the force majeure terms should not be
overlooked. Generally, force majeure clauses are set up in
either of two formats. The first format
enumerates a list that includes all of the events that could plausibly excuse
performance. If you have adopted this
format, be sure to occasionally update your list as current events may not be
covered. Take the outbreak of the swine
flu as an example: have you revised your force
majeure clause to shield a party from nonperformance resulting from the
outbreak or threatened outbreak?
Additionally, if you enumerate
your force majeure events, be careful if ending your force majeure provisions with the terms “…and other similar
causes.” Courts may construe this catch-all
provision narrowly to comprise only causes of the same sort as the previous
matters mentioned. You should buttress
the catch-all provision with the additional phrase “…and other similar causes
which are beyond the control of the parties.” to allow some flexibility in
excusing unforeseeable events.
The second format used in force majeure provisions is a definitional
approach in which the parties set the criteria to determine when the occurrence
of an event will excuse performance.
Lawyers prefer this format as it is subject to finite
interpretation. If you desire certainty,
the first format may be more amenable to your purposes. However, if you prefer the flexibility of this
second format, make sure your force
majeure provision incorporates both foreseeable and unforeseeable
events. Courts have been known to find
that if an event was foreseeable, the parties should have protected themselves
during negotiations, and in the failure to do so, the burden remains with the
nonperforming party.
A hybrid of both these
formats may be used in constructing your force
majeure provision. In the following excerpt
from NRECA’s hotel contract template,
the force majeure provision reads:
Force
Majeure. The performance of this Agreement in whole or
part by either party is subject to acts of God, war, or similar hostilities,
actual, threatened or suspected terrorist activity, government regulation,
disease, World Health Organization travel advisory, disaster, fire, strikes,
threat of strikes, lockouts or labor disputes (except strikes, threat of
strikes, lockouts or labor disputes involving the party attempting to invoke
this provision), civil disorder, curtailment of transportation facilities
unreasonably delaying at least twenty-five (25%) of Attendees from attending,
or similar or dissimilar causes beyond the control of the parties making it
inadvisable, commercially impractical, illegal, or impossible to hold the
Meeting or which materially affects a party’s ability to perform under this
Agreement.
Notice that this provision
includes the first format by creating a list of specific events which could excuse
performance; however, this list is by no means exhaustive. It functions like the second format to allow
the nonperforming party the flexibility to plan for unforeseeable events by establishing
the conditions that would justify an excuse.
Regardless of your format
preferences, make sure the nonperforming parties obligations are outlined
within the force majeure provision. Remember that fairness is the basis for the force majeure provision; therefore,
fairness should govern the duration and terms of a parties’ ability to suspend
and continue to suspend performance. As
the performing party in any force majeure
scenario, you would like some assurance that the other party is acting in good
faith and in a commercially responsible manner. To protect the performing party and the
integrity of the contract, the nonperforming party should be required to give
notice of their inability to perform within a certain time frame from becoming
aware of the event. Requirements should
further compel the nonperforming party to provide a written statement that asserts
their expected delay and explains how the nonperforming party will mitigate or
limit damages to the performing party.
The force majeure provision is a powerful risk-shifting mechanism
because it has the effect of allocating risk from one party to another based on
the occurrence of an event. Review your force majeure provision today to ensure
that you have protected your company from the occurrence of catastrophic events
which would prevent your performance and that your company has not absorbed too
much of the risk that these catastrophic events will occur.
We procurement pros provide value to our employers via our
knowledge. Unfortunately, in a tough
economy, training and conferences are two of the first areas that companies look to cut. For us in the procurement world, that’s a
particularly harsh blow to our ongoing ability to maximize value and minimize
risk for our employers. While you may
feel compelled to “chip in” to your company’s mission to reduce costs, don’t
step over dollars to pick up pennies. In
other words, you’ll save more for your company by going to training and
conferences than if you didn’t! No
matter what training or conference I go to, I always pick up one “golden nugget”
that inevitably helps me in my negotiations or contract management. The results is that the cost of the training
or conference is de minimis compared to, for example, a significant cost
savings resulting from a golden nugget.
The good news is that there are plenty of great resources out there (at
very reasonable cost) to provide you with those golden nuggets and that provide
you networking opportunities with your fellow procurement pros. Here are three resources that, as a
procurement pro, are an absolute must. Each have training, conferences, certification programs, and other great and valuable information.
ICN / CAUCUS. If you’re an IT procurement pro, and you’ve never heard of ICN or Caucus—or you’re not a member of Caucus—you’re negotiating using stone-age techniques. For a low annual membership fee, you can get access to a tremendous amount of resources, a listserv, and fellow professionals. Caucus also has great certification programs. Need some temp negotiation support? ICN can help with their consulting support! Need some IT-specific contract templates or RFx materials? ICN has you covered there as well. New member one-year cost is $495.
ISM. The Institute for Supply Management is the “grand daddy” trade association for procurement pros. Get access to ISM and you’ve gotten access to a broad range of procurement resources in a broad range of commodity areas. ISM covers the supply chain from beginning to end. As a member, you’ll get their very informative Inside Supply Management monthly magazine. Get the Certified Professional in Supply Management (CPSM) from ISM and you’ll make yourself that much more valuable. ISM also has local chapters which have great training sessions and speakers. Get involved in your profession by being an active member in your local ISM chapter. New member one-year cost is $190; the additional cost to join a local chapter varies (but is worth every penny).
NCMA. The National Contract Management Association is oriented toward public acquisition and, obviously, contract management. NCMA is a must for public procurement pros and contract managers. Even if you’re not in public procurement, NCMA has the critical niche of contract management covered—something that all procurement pros should be skilled in. You've negotiated a great deal, now what? That's where NCMA really fits in well. NCMA also has a superb monthly magazine, ContractManagement, and robust certification programs for both public and commercial procurement pros. New member one-year cost is $130.
You can be a member of all three of these great resources,
and have access to more resources than you could ever use, for less than a
thousand dollars per year! Make sure you
include these membership fees in your procurement department’s budget, and be adamant
that the budget for these resources aren’t cut.
Oh, and don’t forget to get a copy of my Contract Negotiation Handbook--another valuable resource that just keeps on giving!
Let’s say it’s budget planning time for your customer. Your customer wants to include in her budget a funding request for the following year which involves hardware, software, implementation, services, consulting, training, and first-year maintenance*. She comes to you for advice… What to do? If you’re lucky, you might be able to provide the estimate yourself just based on your past experience and dealings. Or you could look at a price-benchmarking or resource service like Gartner or Forrester (assuming you have access, which you should). You could write an RFI, assuming you had the time and your customer had the appetite. Your customer likely just wants to get the budget number without a lot of effort, so RFIs are usually unpopular. That leaves another option, which typically makes the hair on a procurement pro's neck stand up: contacting a vendor directly for a budget planning estimate.
Why do procurement pros get antsy with this option? Well, for one, it could tip your hand to the vendor—the vendor now knows that you’re going to have a procurement next year. Another problem is that the vendor is in control of the “budget planning” number that your customer is going to get. Potentially worse, it gives the vendor an opportunity to “talk” with your customer to “understand” the requirements (which basically means doing an end run around procurement). These are all legitimate fears for a procurement pro.
One solution I’ve seen is draconian. That’s where the vendor that provides the budget planning number is cut out of the future RFP or procurement. Not only do I think that’s not fair (if you tell the vendor in advance) and is unethical (if you don’t tell the vendor in advance), it could be that particular vendor had the best solution, the best value, and the best price. You’d be missing out…
So how to use a vendor for budget planning and not give up the farm? Just like anything else in procurement, involve your customer! In this case, I would explain to my customer what the downsides are, particularly that the vendor is going to try and schmooze her (and use every other vendor ploy, like the “Getting to Know You” ploy that I describe in my negotiation handbook). I would ask my customer to include me on any calls or meetings with the vendor and I would caution her to refrain from giving the vendor too much information, like project criticality, payback periods, deadlines, project org charts, and the like. The vendor doesn’t really need that sort of information to provide a budget planning estimate. I would also have a discussion with the vendor so that the sales rep understands that if he does something untoward, like cutting me as the procurement pro out of the back-and-forth, that it could jeopardize the vendor from winning the deal.
Don’t be worried that the vendor knows what your budget number is. Just because the vendor gave you a budget planning estimate doesn’t mean that’s what was actually budgeted. Budget plans get cut all of the time, and vendors understand that. If you do decide to begin negotiations with the vendor that provided the budget planning estimate, the vendor won't be surprised (even though the sales rep may act that way) that your negotiations begin at a price-point less than the budget planning estimate. At the same time, remember that the vendor’s numbers are likely padded (which is OK given the nature of your likely vague request), so that means some money should almost automatically come off the top (assuming your customer didn’t make a bunch of add-ons to the deal). I would also ask the vendor for a number of different pricing options. This tactic helps to mask exactly what will be budgeted and subsequently procured.
When it comes to timing, which a vendor can very effectively use against you (see the “Wait!” and “Hurry Up!” vendor timing ploys in my book), you should advise the vendor that the procurement may not even be made in the subsequent budget year. The project could be cut or postponed to another budget year.
Just in case you do decide to go with that vendor, ensure that the pricing the sales rep gave you is set for a reasonable period of time to allow you to do the procurement without any price “surprises.” This may be legitimately difficult for the vendor to do given the complexity of the procurement, but at least ask.
One last reason procurement pros don’t like asking vendors for budget planning estimates: the sales rep will pester you from that point on by “just checking with you every now and then.” Every now and then could end up being weekly. Just be upfront with the vendor—no reason to be coy—and tell the sales rep that you don’t want to hear from him and that you’ll call him when you need something. If the sales rep still contacts you after that, don’t feel bad about ignoring the phone calls or e-mails.
To avoid a number of issues that I've raised above, get the budget planning estimate from your vendor-of-choice and then go through an RFP process in the next budget year. Competition is the best negotiation tool!
*By the way, why are you agreeing to pay first-year maintenance!? That should be a freebie!
Highest
Honor in Supply Management Presented to Seminole Electric Cooperative
Exec
Institute for Supply Management™(ISM) honors Richard D. Rich, C.P.M., with J. Shipman Gold Medal Award.
(Tempe,
Ariz.) May 5, 2009 — Richard D. Rich, C.P.M., today accepted his profession's
highest honor at the Institute for Supply Management™'s (ISM) 94th Annual
International Supply Management Conference and Educational Exhibit. Rich
accepted the J. Shipman Gold Medal Award in Charlotte, North Carolina, in
recognition of modest, unselfish, sincere and persistent efforts for the
advancement of supply management.
Rich
has spent the majority of his 35-year career working in the government and
public sectors. He is director of enterprise risk management for Seminole
Electric Cooperative, Inc. in Tampa, Florida. Rich arrived at Seminole in 1982,
and spent the next 26 years in purchasing, inventory, materials management and
supply management. In 2008, Seminole Electric's CEO recruited him to implement
an enterprise risk management program for the entire organization. "I'm proud
that my organization made the bold and innovative move of entrusting a supply
chain professional to manage risk on an enterprise level," Rich
says.
Seminole
Electric Cooperative CEO Tim Woodbury says he never even considered looking
outside the organization. "Because of the skill set gained in supply management
and his demonstrated leadership abilities, Richard was the ideal choice for
establishing this new enterprise risk management function," Woodbury says.
"Richard was able to hit the ground running — supply management not only
equipped him well for the task of establishing protocols and methodologies for
assessing risk, but it also gave him the tools necessary to effectively work
across departmental lines with personnel at all levels within the company." Adds
Woodbury, "My ability to redeploy existing manpower in this instance was only
made possible by Richard having groomed his capable successor. It was a win-win
for the company and a win for all the employees involved."
Like
Shipman winners before him, Rich has played in integral part in the leveling up
of the profession and his chosen association. For five years, between 1997 and
2001, he played a key role in changing the 85-year-old National Association of
Purchasing Management™ (NAPM) governance process to the current Institute for
Supply Management™ (ISM) governance and operating process. During his
president-elect year from 1997 to 1998, Rich chaired the NAPM Strategic Planning
Committee which prepared, drafted and coordinated the first-ever NAPM Five-Year
Strategic Plan. While serving as NAPM president during 1998 to 1999, Rich
spearheaded the leadership that ultimately led to the adoption by NAPM of a
number of key initiatives contained in the Strategic Plan, including changing
the name of the association to Institute for Supply Management™, a name that
more appropriately reflects the growing importance of the field of supply
management within public and private organizations.
Rich
spent his early career with the State of Wyoming. One of his first positions
involved managing contracts and purchases of food and pharmaceuticals for state
institutions. He was later promoted state program manager for purchasing and
assistant administrator for the Division of Purchasing and Property Control. In
1979, the governor of Wyoming appointed Rich chief of fiscal operations for
Wyoming Game and Fish. In July 1980, Rich moved east and was appointed
purchasing supervisor with the City of Pittsburgh, where he supervised a
citywide spend of about $250 million. In March 1981, then-New York City Mayor
Edward Koch appointed Rich to the post of assistant commissioner of procurement
for the five boroughs of New York City.
Rich
earned a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of Wyoming
(UW) in Laramie. He is former president of Sigma Alpha Epsilon (SAE) fraternity
and also co-founded A-Enterprises, a local social fraternity for men and
women.
The
J. Shipman Gold Medal Award is the highest award within the power of ISM to
confer. ISM joins the members of the 2008-2009 J. Shipman Gold Medal Award
Selection Committee — Thomas H. Slaight; Aaron D. Dent; Timothy R. Fiore,
C.P.M.; R. David Nelson, C.P.M., A.P.P.; and Norbert J. Ore, CPSM, C.P.M. — in
congratulating Richard D. Rich, C.P.M., on this prestigious award. The J.
Shipman Gold Medal Award was created by the Purchasing Management Association of
New York in 1931 to honor Johnson Shipman, a pioneer in the
profession.
As
the largest supply management institute in the world, the mission of Institute
for Supply Management™ (ISM) is to lead supply management. By executing and
extending its mission through education, research, standards of excellence,
influence building and information dissemination — including the renowned
monthly ISM
Report On Business® — ISM continues to extend the global impact of
supply management. ISM is proud to recognize professional excellence in supply
management with awards such as the ISM R. Gene Richter Awards for Leadership and
Innovation in Supply Management and the J. Shipman Gold Medal Award. ISM's
membership base includes more than 40,000 supply management professionals in 75
countries. Supply management professionals are responsible for trillions of
dollars in the purchases of products and services annually. ISM is a member of
the International Federation of Purchasing and Supply Management
(IFPSM).
Media
Contact:
ISM
Public Relations
800/888-6276
Jean McHale, extension 3143
jmchale@ism.ws
Main Entry: over-lawyer
Function: verb
Inflected Form(s): over-lawyered; over-lawyering
Etymology: Middle English, from Old English lagu, of Scandinavian origin; akin to Old Norse lǫg law; akin to Old English licgan to lie
Date: before 12th century
: to unnecessarily complicate, obfuscate, and / or “kill” business deals or contract matters with arcane legal jargon, scenarios that will never occur, and a near-psychotic adversity to risk.
Usage:
1. Our @#$&* attorney over-lawyered this purchase agreement by including EVERYTHING in this contract, including a gender clause!
2. I think our counsel was over-lawyering this contract when she changed all of the “wills” to “shalls.”
3. When a lawyer says “I know that would never happen, but…,” he or she is said to be “over-lawyering.”
4. We knew our lawyer wasn’t going to over-lawyer our deal when he said, “That’s a business risk, and up to the business to decide.”
5. Please don't over-lawyer our deal, we need to make this deal happen.
Yo, ven-duhs, let’s kick it!
Nice nice baby, play nice nice baby
All right stop, collaborate, and listen
Guth is back with a new contract edition
Client grabs a hold of me tightly
Ink flows from my pen daily and nightly
Will it ever stop? Yo -- I don’t know
Turn off the lights and I’ll glow
To the extreme I rock a contract like a vandal
Turn the next page and wax a vendor like a candle
Dance, bum rush the vendor that booms
I’m killing sales reps like a poisonous mushroom
Deadly, when I play a contract melody
Anything less is no indemnification or a felony
Love it or leave it, you better gain way
Vendors beware, this kid don’t play
If there was a problem, yo, I’ll solve it
Check out my book while my publicist evolves it
Nice nice baby, play nice nice baby
Nice nice baby, play nice nice baby
Now that the deal is jumpin'
With Guth kicked in, the prices are dumpin'
Quick to the point, to the point no faking
Cooking vendors like a pound of bacon
Burning them if they’re not quick and nimble
I go crazy when I see them tremble
My work for hire clause has a souped up tempo
I’m on a roll and its time to go solo
Rollin' with my
With the cap off so the ink can flow
The vendors on standby, waving just to say hi
Did you stop? No -- I don’t buy
Kept on pursuing to the next stop
I busted a vendor ploy and now I’m heading to the next talk
That talk was dead
Nice nice baby, play nice nice baby
Nice nice baby, play nice nice babyTake heed, ‘cause I’m a contractual poet
Guth is on the scene just in case you didn’t know it
My contracts, that created all the "chi ching" sound
Enough to shake and kick vendor ploys to the ground
‘Cause my contract's like a chemical spill
Terms and conditions that you shall and will
Drafted and formed, this is a hell of a concept
I make it hype and you want to get with this
Guth plays on the fade, slice like a ninja
Cut like a razor so fast, vendors say, damn
If my contracts were a drug, I’d sell ‘em by the gram
Use my secret tactics when it’s time to get loose
Magnetized by the UCC while I kick my juice
If there was a problem, yo – I’ll solve it!
Check out my book while publicist evolves it
Nice nice baby, play nice nice baby
Nice nice baby, play nice nice baby
Yo man – Let’s get out of here! Word to your ven-duh!